If it does not present a health risk, iron effectively causes disorders on the water distribution network: clogging, then unhooking of matter, appearance of color and tastes ...

The water losses of a WTP include : clarification sludge, washing and maturing water from filters, backwashing water from membrane processes, waste water from preparation of reagents, etc.

Find a correspondence table as well as the molar masses and valences of some elements.

Find the particle size of the GACs, the correspondence of flow units, pressure ... and the Anglo-Saxon units.

This high environmental quality plants approach involves new desalination plant projects, as well as those existing. By searching for the best solutions to protect the environment, operating costs can be quite often subsequently improved.

As the demand for water, whether for drinking water or for agriculture and industry, is growing, resources are increasingly demanded.

Almost half of operating cost of seawater reverse osmosis plants is used for electricity consumption. It is therefore important to control this expenditure and, above all, to evaluate it

Permeate quality of SWRO plants is suitable neither for drinking water nor for irrigation purpose : treatments must be adjusted to decrease boron concentration and post-treatments are required to improve water mineralization in order to correct its corrosiveness tendency.

If the technologies exist to reduce the energy bill, choices should appropriate for each case, taking into account the specific technical, economic and environmental data that is highly variable from one site to another.

In a drinking water plant, sand filters often play an essential role. It is therefore important to seek to optimize their performance, both in terms of their design and their operation, in order to improve the quality of the filtered water and minimize water losses.

The sand must meet specific requirements in order to be suitable for filtration. It is also necessary to know its characteristics in order to choose the best sand for application foreseen.

It is important to know the temperature of the water and its seasonal variations, in order to be able to optimize the treatments, the sizing of the equipment as well as the operating methods.

The two main seawater intake modes, i.e. indirect or direct intake, are described and compared, on the basis of technical-economical considerations, to help making the most appropriate choice, taking into account pumping flowrate capacity in each case.